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Chapter 1

• Figure 1.2 - A linear process of innovation
• Figure 1.4 - A science innovation system
• Figure 1.5 - UN regional country groupings
• Figure 1.11 - R&D spending as a percent of GDP in various countries
• Figure 1.12 - Number of scientific researchers in various countries

Chapter 2

• Figure 2.2 - Improvement in yield with reduction in fertiliser due to deep placememnt technique
• Figure 2.6 - The diversity in a Javanese home garden
• Figure 2.25 - Two processes of transformation in producing GM crops
• Figure 2.26 - The Rapid Growth of GM crops
• Figure 2.29 - Production of insulin by recombiant DNA

Chapter 3

• Figure 3.3 - The development of locally-led health research centres
• Figure 3.5 - The world-wide spread of the CGIAR centres
• Figure 3.9 - 'Insert Irrigation' technology brought from Tunisia to Syria
• Figure 3.13 - Comparing drug development speeds through different mechanisms

Chapter 4

• Figure 4.2 - Progress towards the MDGs is least in the fragile states
• Figure 4.3 - Sub-Sahran Africa's progress towards some of the MDGs
• Figure 4.4 - Declines in proportion of undernourished people and % underweight children under five
• Figure 4.5 - Most of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is not on track for the hunger MDG
• Figure 4.7 - Lack of progress towards MDG 4 child mortality
• Figure 4.8 - All Sub-Saharan African countries have shown no progress, or insufficient progress towards achieving MDG 4
• Figure 4.9 - The causes of child mortality.  Undernutrition has been estimated to be an underlying cause in 35% of all under-five deaths
• Figure 4.10 - Global causes of neomatal mortality
• Figure 4.11 - Maternal mortality rates (MMR) per 100,000.  Sub-Saharan Africa has an average MMR of 992 compared with 9 in the developed countries
• Figure 4.12 - Poor progress towards reducing maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 4.13 - The stabilisation of the prevalence of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 4.14 - Percent adult prevalence living with HIV
• Figure 4.15 - The rapid increase in the numbers of people receiving anti-retroviral drugs in low and middle income countries
• Figure 4.16 - Incidence of TB is fallind in Sub-Saharan Africa but the levels remain very high
• Figure 4.17 - TB incidence and prevalence in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 4.18 - Continued high levels of Malaria incidence (numbers per 1,000) in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 4.19 - Total forest area by region, note that net forest losses are greatest in Latin America and Africa
• Figure 4.20 - World map of water stress measured by the environmental Water Stress Indicator (WSI), which takes into consideration the amount of water needed for ecosystem sustainability
• Figure 4.21 - The percentage of fully exploited fish stocks are increasing
• Figure 4.22 - sources of Greenhouse Gases
• Figure 4.23 - CO₂ emissions from land use changes, 1850-2000
• Figure 4.24 - Per capita GHG emissions including from changes in land use in 2000, ranging from zero tonnes CO₂ emissions/capita (dark green) to 93.9 tonnes CO₂ emissions/capita (dark red)
• Figure 4.25 - The difference in emissions between low, middle and high-income countries as of 2005
• Figure 4.26 - Greatly reduced consumption of all ozone-depleting substances (ODS) funded by the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund
• Figure 4.27 - Slow increase in the proportion of terrestrial and marine area protected
• Figure 4.29 - Downward trend in the Living Planet Index for vertebrate animals
• Figure 4.31 - Number of people per year requiring access to improved drinking water to reach the MDG target
• Figure 4.32 - Population that gained access to an improved sanitation facility 1990-2006 (millions) and population that needs to gain access to an improved sanitation facility to meet the MDG target, 2006-2015 (millions)

Chapter 5

• Figure 5.1 - The trajectory of food prices in 2008
• Figure 5.2 - Global population estimates - high, medium and low variants
• Figure 5.3 - The steady, worldwide growth in per capita incomes over the past 30 years
• Figure 5.4 - The rise in meat consumption over the past 40 years
• Figure 5.5 - The rapid rise in biofuel production
• Figure 5.7 - The rise and fall of fertiliser prices in 2008
• Figure 5.9 - A harvest on an insecure and a secure farm
• Figure 5.10 - The doubling of wheat yields in south Asia following the introduction of the new short strawed wheat varieties in 1965
• Figure 5.12 - After the oil price induced food price spike of the mid-70s cereal prices fell steadily
• Figure 5.13 - The stagnation of yeild growth in India as measured by the index of yield potential of new varities of rice, wheat, maize, mustard, groundnut and cotton
• Figure 5.14 - Sustainable agriculture: minimising the trade offs
• Figure 5.15 - Average cereal yields have increased steadily since the Green Revolution in China and South Asia but remained stagnant at 1 tonne/ha in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 5.16 - Average rice yields in three Asian countries
• Figure 5.17 - Maize production in Kenya
• Figure 5.18 - Predicted relative contribution of agronomic methods and different breeding technologies to improving maize yields in the US
• Figure 5.22 - Most African countries are losing over 30 kgs of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate and potassium) per ha per year
• Figure 5.24 - MBILI cropping arrangements
• Figure 5.34 - Evolution of tsetse control Zimbabwe
• Figure 5.38 - The long term impact of the combination of fertilisers and manure on sorghum yields in Burkina Faso over 30 years
• Figure 5.39 - Development of certified organic agriculture

Chapter 6

• Figure 6.2 - In the developing world most countries have more than 50% of their households consuming adequately iodized salt
• Figure 6.3 - Provision of two doses of vitamin A
• Figure 6.6 - The low proportions of children under five with diarrhoea who receive oral rehydration or increased fluids with continual breast feeding
• Figure 6.8 - The multiple pathways through which enteric pathogens pass from one child to another - the so-called F-diagram
• Figure 6.10 - The life cycle of the malaria parasite
• Figure 6.11 - The sharp rate of decline in HIV incidence in urban and semi-urban Zimbabwe
• Figure 6.12 - The vaccine clinical trial process
• Figure 6.14 - Poliovirus binding to receptors on the surface of a nerve cell
• Figure 6.15 - The spread of polio from India and Nigeria between 2002 and 2006
• Figure 6.16 - Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Figure 6.17 - Stages, of the intricate process of HIV attaching and fusing with a human cell
• Figure 6.18 - A Cell-Medicated Immunity (CMI) approach can theoretically keep the viral load below the transmission threshold
• Figure 6.19 - The life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite
• Figure 6.21 - the rise of Multi Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB)
• Figure 6.23 - Where the current microbicides in development are targeted
• Figure 6.25 - Drug resistance to P. Falciparum from studies up to 2004
• Figure 6.26 - Global distribution of the relative risk of emerging infectious diseases
• Figure 6.27 - Structure of Influenza virus
• Figure 6.28 - Three pandemic waves of the 1918-1919 influenza outbreak in the UK
• Figure 6.29 - Laboratory confirmed cases reported by WHO November 2009
• Figure 6.30 - Evolution of H5N1 variants up until 2006
• Figure 6.31 - Projected deaths by major cause and World Bank income group, all ages, 2005

Chapter 7

• Figure 7.1 - The results of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) showing the poorer performance of the income countries
• Figure 7.2 - A schematic representation of how ecological, production and social factors are linked in producing policy for sustainable forest management
• Figure 7.7 - A lidar system scans a landscape
• Figure 7.8 - Satellite sensor based global irrigation map showing the concentration in China and South Asia
• Figure 7.9 - Major land cover classes in 2000 extracted from GLC2000 data
• Figure 7.10 - Areas with biomass decline as function of soil/terrain constraints and their agricultural use
• Figure 7.13 - Gross revenues over 10 years showing the benefits of foregoing logging in El Nido, Philippines
• Figure 7.15 - The Eastern Arc Mountains stretch from Kenya to Western Tanzania
• Figure 7.19 - The 34 world biodiversity hot spots identified by Conservation International, shaded according to the area of these hotspots characterized as being under socio-economic poverty
• Figure 7.21 - Per capita production of greenhouse gases
• Figure 7.27 - Biomass dominates world renewable energy supply
• Figure 7.34 - The wide range of proven technologies to increase the supply and quality of water for the rural poor 

Chapter 8  

• Figure 8.1 - The Greenhouse Effect
• Figure 8.2 - Global warming has increased by about 0.7C since 1900
• Figure 8.3 - The rise in carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitous oxcide (N₂O) over the past 2,000 years has been unprecedented.  Measurements using ice cores and modern data.
• Figure 8.4 - Complication feedback loops in the climate system
• Figure 8.5 - Estimates of global surface warming for different scenarios
• Figure 8.7 - Predicted loss of the Greenland Ice sheet with a fourfold increase in CO₂.
• Figure 8.8 - Gaines and losses of snow and ice in the Antarctic
• Figure 8.9 - Methane hydrates consist of crystalline solids similar to ice in which water molecules form a cage-like structure around a methane molecule
• Figure 8.10 - Methane hydrates are only stable at low temperatures and high pressures.  If conditions shift the hydrates can be released as methane gas
• Figure 8.12 - Increases in temperature over the next 100 years using the IPCC rapid growth scenario A1B
• Figure 8.13 - Changes in precipitation over the next 100 years for December to February and June to August
• Figure 8.15 - The position of the ITCZ in January and July
• Figure 8.17 - The two phases of the West African Monsoon
• Figure 8.18 - Changes in the annual range of monsoon rainfall, comparing 1976-2003 with 1945-1975
• Figure 8.19 - Growth in the mean rainfall of the four highest rain events every season in Central India over the past 50 years
• Figure 8.20 - The decline in the East Asian monsoon since the mid 1970s
• Figure 8.21 - Comparison of atmospheric and oceanic flows in the Pacific during normal, El Nino and La Nina years. 
• Figure 8.22 - The El Nina Oscillation has global effects
• Figure 8.23 - The increase in frequency of El Nino events since the mid 1970s.
• Figure 8.25 - Predicted changes in annual surface run-off for Southern Africa over the next 80 years (A2 scenario).
• Figure 8.26 - The paucity of reports received by the World Meteorological Office from African World Weather Watch Stations 1998-2002
• Figure 8.27 - Temperature and precipitation changes over Asia
• Figure 8.28 - Significantly increasing mean winter surface air temperatures by 2080 in the north of China
• Figure 8.29 - Increased winter precipitation in the west and north of China
• Figure 8.30 - Percentage changes in maximum number of consecutive frost days and number of days with rainfall over 20mm
• Figure 8.31 - PRECIS model predictions of rising temperatures and changes in precipitation for South Asia by the end of the century under the A2 scenario
• Figure 8.33 - A map showing how the coastal areas of Bangladesh are inundated during typical monsoon flooding.  About 50% of land is flooded to a depth of more than 30cm
• Figure 8.34 - Increasing African mean temperature anomalies over the past 100 years
• Figure 8.35 - Temperature and rainfall projections for Africa, 1980 to 1999 versus 2080 to 2099 for scenario A1B
• Figure 8.36 - Projected mean monthly rainfall increases for the summer period in South Africa from downscaled Hadley model HadAM3

Chapter 9
 

• Figure 9.1 - Drylands of the world, showing the high population concentrations in South Asia, China and across the Sahel
• Figure 9.2 - The high incidence of major climate related disasters in Ningxia Autonomous Region, China showing the percentage of villagers who identified the disaster as important
• Figure 9.3 - Costs of climate related damage, Ningxia Autonomous Region, China
• Figure 9.5 - The shifting forest boundaries of India, showing present biome types and expected changes in 2050
• Figure 9.8 - The patterns of resilience, showing the effects of stress and shocks
• Figure 9.9 - The timescale of countermeasure interventions
• Figure 9.10 - Risk of drought during the crucial grain filling stage of maize in southern Africa
• Figure 9.11 - Long range precipitation forecast for Africa made by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in September 2009 for the following December, January and February
• Figure 9.12 - An adaptation option appraisal process developed in China
• Figure 9.13 - The pyramid of adaptation
• Figure 9.14 - Extensive indundation from a one metre rise in sea level at the mouth of the Mekong and elsewhere in south-east Asia
• Figure 9.16 - A one metre sea level rise in the Nile Delta will result in widespread inundation around Alexandria
• Figure 9.17 - Effects of a one metre sea level rise in West Africa
• Figure 9.18 - A six metre sea level rise would produce extensive inundation in south-east China
• Figure 9.20 - The location of mangrove forests in Bangladesh
• Figure 9.21 - Glacier retreat since about 1850 as measured by the length of glacier tongues
• Figure 9.22 - The rapid retreat of the Gangotri glacier
• Figure 9.23 - The rapid receding of the glaciers on Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
• Figure 9.25 - Percent change in annual runoff by 2041-60 relative to 1900-70 under the A1B emissions scenario and based on an ensemble of 12 climate models
• Figure 9.26 - The twelve major river basins of Africa
• Figure 9.27 - Rainfall and drainage regimes in Africa
• Figure 9.29 - Change in water stress by 2082 using a Hadley Circulation model
• Figure 9.30 - South-north routes of the planned river diversion project in China
• Figure 9.32 - Regions across Africa where the rainfall was a 1 in 20 year event or rarer for July and August 2007
• Figure 9.33 - Map of the 2007 floods across the Sahel of Africa
• Figure 9.36 - Cereal yeild responses to temperature change
• Figure 9.37 - The close correlation between SST and Zimbabwean maize yeilds
• Figure 9.38 - Current length of the growing period (number of days) in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Figure 9.39 - Percentage increases in the length of the growing period by the end of the century in China for the IPCC B2 scenario
• Figure 9.44 - Coral bleaching and maximum monthly mean sea surface temperates for 1998
• Figure 9.46 - Global estimates of the most serious impacts of climate change on human health
• Figure 9.47 - Loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2000 by WHO region
• Figure 9.48 - Effect of high temperatures on human mortality in New Delhi
• Figure 9.49 - Temperature change and mosquito population increases at Kericho in Western Kenya
• Figure 9.50 - Predicted expansion of Dengue worldwide
• Figure 9.51 - Positive correlation between the SOI and the incidence of dengue epidemics
• Figure 9.52 - Spread of Cholera along the continental coasts since 1960
• Figure 9.53 - Correlation between cholera outbreaks and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and heights (SSH)
• Figure 9.54 - The complexity of adaptation to the health effects of climate change 

Chapter 10

• Figure 10.2 - Interacting elements of the Perfect Storm scenario